Commitments found out about late
An order placed is money spent. If the budget only learns about it at invoice, it's too late to choose.
Approve a budget version, then watch each line move from committed when a purchase order is issued, to accrued when the goods arrive, to actual when the invoice or certificate is approved. A purchase order that its budget line can't cover is stopped before it goes out.
By the time a monthly cost report shows an overrun, the orders that caused it were placed weeks ago.
An order placed is money spent. If the budget only learns about it at invoice, it's too late to choose.
Moving money between lines in a spreadsheet leaves no record of who moved it, why, or what it was before.
Without earned value, a project can look on budget right up until it isn't.
The budget version is approved and locked.
A purchase order commits the line — or is blocked if it can't.
Accepted goods move the amount to accrued.
An approved invoice or certificate makes it actual.
Money moves between lines only by approved, reversible transfer.
Variance, earned value and project P&L from the same record.
Yes, for purchase orders linked to a budget line: issuing the order commits the amount, and it is blocked when the line doesn't have enough available.
Yes. Budget lines can be in different currencies and are converted with an effective-dated exchange-rate table.
Both. Posting rules produce balanced journal entries, accounting periods can be closed and locked, and the trial balance, P&L, balance sheet and cash flow come from the same record.
By transfers: each one is approved, checked again at the moment it's applied, recorded with the before and after figures, and can be reversed.
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